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United Nations Youth Association of New Zealand
 »    Saturday, 11 September 2010
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Resolutions Minimize

Whether you are a novice or a seasoned diplomat at Model UN events, resolutions will play an integral role in the debate and discussion that you have with other delegates. This guide will explain exactly what a resolution is, what the format of a resolution looks like and strategies for writing a really good resolution. 


What is a Resolution? Minimize

Resolutions are the formal recommendations of UN bodies and can take a variety of forms including a statement of policy, directive statements to specific organisations, a condemnation of actions of states or a call for collective actions. They are documents that are produced through a comprehensive process of debate and discussions among member states at the UN. General Assembly resolutions do not have binding legal force but Security Council resolutions do. (However, some General Assembly resolutions on budgetary issues may be binding but this is more of a technical issue.) A quirk of the UN is that resolutions only have a full stop right at the end, so a resolution turns out to be a really, really long sentence with a whole lot of commas and semicolons. Usually, at high school Model UN events, General Assembly delegates will be presented with a pre-written resolution, but Security Council delegates may enjoy the challenge of writing a resolution from scratch. At university level, delegates are often provided with background papers that introduce the topic but they will have to collaborate with other delegates to write the actual resolution on the day. 


Which topics do most resolutions cover? Minimize

Resolution topics can cover almost any global issue you can think of. A resolution topic may be on a social issue like child soldiers, an environmental issue like climate change, a financial issue, or any number of other global issues. It is often a good idea to research actual UN resolutions. All UN resolutions are available to the public here. Resolution titles often begin with the phrase, “The Question of...” 


What does a resolution look like? Minimize
A resolution is broadly divided into three parts: the subject, the preambulatory clauses and operative clauses. The subject simply refers to the UN body that is issuing the resolution.
 
Preambulatory clauses come next. Preambulatory clauses provide a context and background to a resolution. Preambulatory clauses often highlight key issues regarding the resolution topic, confine the purpose and scope of the resolution as well as to draw attention to other organisations, conferences, events or previous resolutions that have addressed the resolution topic. Preambulatory clauses may also express the general sentiment and purpose of the resolution. For example, a resolution on child soldiers might say, “Appalled by the recruitment of children into the armed forces and their engagement in violent conflict.”Preambulatory clauses often begin with declaratory verbs (usually ending with “ing”) like “recognising” or “acknowledging”. Usually, at high school Model UN events, perambulatory clauses cannot be altered. 
 
Operative clauses can be understood as “action clauses” in the sense that they often suggest initiatives or steps that the member states and UN programmes and funds should take in order to address or solve the issues identified in the preambulatory clauses. For example, an operative clause in a resolution about child soldiers might read, “Urges member states to make the recruitment of children under the age of 16 in the armed forces illegal.” Try to avoid using verbs that attempt to “force” member states to take a particular action, particularly if it is a General Assembly resolution which does not have binding legal force. Examples include, “demands” or “requires”. Operative clauses give a resolution its “teeth” because they propose “actions” to be taken.                                               
 
At the end of each preambulatory clause there is a comma; at the end of each operative clause there is a semicolon and the last clause ends with a full stop. Operative clauses must be numbered and clauses may be divided into sub-clauses labelled a), b), etc. 
 

Useful words for preambulatory and operative clauses Minimize

Preambulatory Clauses

AffirmingAlarmed byApprovingAware of
BelievingBearing in mindConfidentContemplating
ConvincedDeclaringDeeply concernedDeeply conscious
Deeply convincedDeeply disturbedDeeply regrettingDesiring
EmphasisingExpressing its appreciationExpressing its satisfactionFulfilling
Fully awareFully believingFurther deploringFurther noting
Further recallingGuided byHaving adoptedHaving considered
Having considered furtherHaving denoted attentionHaving examinedHaving heard
Having receivedHaving studiedKeeping in mindNoting
Noting with approvalNoting with deep concernNoting with regretNoting with satisfaction
ObservingRealisingReaffirmingRecalling
RecognisingReferringRecallingSeeking
Taking into accountTaking into considerationTaking noteViewing with appreciation
Welcoming   

Operative Clauses

AcceptsAffirmsApprovesAuthorises
CallsCalls forCondemnsCongratulates
ConfirmsConsidersDeclares accordinglyDeplores
Demands*DesignatesDraws the attentionEmphasises
EncouragesEndorsesExpresses its appreciationExpresses its hope
Further invitesFurther proclaimsHave resolvedNotes
ProclaimsReaffirmsRecommendsReminds
RegretsRequestsSolemnly affirmsStrongly condemns
SupportsTrustsTakes note ofUrges

*Demands can only be used by the Security Council


Who are the Proposer and Seconder of ar resolution? Minimize

The proposer of a resolution is usually the delegate for the country that has written the resolution in question. Because high school Model UN events often use pre-written resolutions, the proposer is usually chosen by the Chair (by placard or request). The proposer introduces a resolution by first reading the operative clauses of a resolution and then delivering a speech on the resolution. The proposer should strongly support the resolution. This is a strategic position because the proposer also has the right of reply at the end of the debate. (The proposer is welcome to change his or her mind and decide to vote against the resolution but if the proposer does so, he or she waives his or her right of reply.) The “seconder” should also strongly support the resolution and he or she makes a speech immediately after the proposer speaks. However, the seconder does not have the right of reply.                                                 


What are amendments? Minimize
Amendments are alterations to the operative clauses of the resolution. There are a number of ways you can amend a resolution, by: 
  • Striking out a clause (i.e. removing a clause from the resolution altogether)
  • Amending a clause by changing the wording of the clause. For example, if an operative clause addresses “social, educational and cultural issues”, you may wish to include “scientific” issues to the list as well. 
  • Adding a clause (i.e. introducing a new clause to the resolution)
Generally, amendments should not contradict the “spirit” of the resolution, in the sense that an amendment cannot substantially change the purpose or content of the resolution. 
 
Usually at Model UN events you will be required to fill out an amendment form and to find other states who wish to second or support your amendment. The more signatures you can get, the more likely it is that your amendment will be debated. 
 

What does the wording of resolutions matter? Minimize

The wording used in resolutions is really important because different words can convey slightly different meanings. Some words like, “requests” or “strongly urges” have a much more forceful meaning while other words like “urges” or “encourages” suggest that states might exercise greater discretion to decide whether or not they want to take on a particular action. If you are in the General Assembly, remember that resolutions do not have binding force (i.e. states do not legally have to act upon the resolution) but the strength of the words use can influence the moral force that a resolution has. 


What kinds of amendments should I avoid? Minimize
Below are some very common amendments that delegates sometimes make. The problem with these kinds of amendments is that they often address “stock” or generic arguments that do not add substantial value to the debate. This is not to say that you should never use these kinds of amendments, but you should be aware of their problems. 
  • Amendments that create new organisations tend to lead to arguments over the creation of more bureaucracy in the UN. While this is an important issue, the debate can become dull if the issue is only about cutting red tape! Do your research beforehand and see if there are any existing UN organisations that already do or have the capacity to carry out the activities of the new organisation that you are thinking of proposing.
  • Amendments that change the percentage figure of GDP. Sometimes a resolution will encourage states to contribute a certain percentage of their GDP to a particular organisation or fund. Unless you are intending to change this figure substantially, good debate does not tend to arise from discussions about specific percentage figures.
 

Sometimes resolutions end with the phrase, "Decides to remain seized (or actively seized) of the matter". What does this mean? Minimize

This phrase should generally only be placed at the end of Security Council rather than General Assembly resolutions. This phrase is used in reference to Article 12 of the U.N. charter which states that “While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or situation the functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests”. 


Sample Resolutions Minimize
 TitleOwnerCategoryModified DateSize (Kb) 
Environmental Legacy of WarVice President Model UN 8/02/201051.20Download
Creating a UN Parliament (Security Council)Vice President Model UN 8/02/201034.82Download